{"id":54535,"date":"2019-04-30T17:21:38","date_gmt":"2019-04-30T14:21:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.929.org.il\/?p=54535"},"modified":"2022-11-22T18:01:53","modified_gmt":"2022-11-22T16:01:53","slug":"public-use-of-private-property-then-and-now","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp.929.org.il\/en\/public-use-of-private-property-then-and-now\/","title":{"rendered":"Public Use of Private Property \u2013 Then And Now"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[281],"tags":[871,662,414,627],"acf":{"old_id":"54535","type":"no","iframe":"","writer":33877,"related_cahpter":"209","type_929":"2","show_author_image":false,"old_create_date":"","old_url":"","post_main_content":{"description":"Joshua\u2019s Ten Ordinances as models of public policy and commons management","content":"

In the beginning of our chapter, Joshua finishes allotting portions of the Promised Land to the various tribes, with the return of the Reubenites, the Gadites and the half-tribe of Manasseh to their inheritances on the west side of the Jordan (Joshua 22:1-6). <\/span><\/p>\n

At this point in the biblical narrative, the Talmud (Baba Kama 80b-81b) inserts a rabbinic tradition that Joshua proclaimed a series of ten ordinances concerning public use of private property: <\/span><\/p>\n

1) public grazing of animals was permitted on privately owned forested land; <\/span><\/p>\n

2) all may gather firewood from privately owned fields; <\/span><\/p>\n

3) a person may gather grasses for fodder in another person\u2019s field, except where fenugreek has been planted to protect the field; <\/span><\/p>\n

4) apart from olive trees, shoots may be cut from privately owned trees by anyone for grafting purposes; <\/span><\/p>\n

5) water flowing from a spring on private property is available for public use; <\/span><\/p>\n

6) anyone is permitted to fish using a hook and line in the Sea of Tiberias (Kinneret) provided that in doing so he does not impede navigation; <\/span><\/p>\n

7) one may turn aside from a public thoroughfare into a privately owned field to relieve oneself even if the field is planted with a very valuable crop like saffron; <\/span><\/p>\n

8) passers-by may skirt obstacles in the beaten path by walking on privately owned land; <\/span><\/p>\n

9) one who has lost his way in a vineyard is not responsible for any vines he might break in trying to find his way; <\/span><\/p>\n

10) an unidentified corpse discovered on private property is to be buried where it is found.<\/span><\/p>\n

These ten ordinances attributed to Joshua are comparable to some current common law conventions concerning public use of private property. Generally, the public has \u201cright of way\u201d over privately-owned land for purposes of transportation. \u201cEminent Domain\u201d is the term used since the 17<\/span>th<\/span> century to describe the right of the State to take ownership of privately-owned land. The Fifth Amendment to the US Constitution requires that such taking of private land be for a “public use” and mandates payment of “just compensation” to the owner.<\/span><\/p>\n

Significantly, over 90% of the land in the modern State of Israel is owned by the State or other public institutions. In comparison, roughly 60% of the land in the USA is privately owned, the remainder being owned by federal, state and local governments or Native American reservations.<\/span><\/p>\n

The biblical story of Naboth\u2019s Vineyard (I Kings, Chapter 21), illegally seized by King Ahab and Queen Jezebel to serve as a royal garden, is a classic example of the misuse of the governmental power to confiscate private property.<\/span><\/p>\n

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