{"id":42337,"date":"2018-10-18T16:23:42","date_gmt":"2018-10-18T13:23:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wp.929.org.il\/?p=42337"},"modified":"2022-05-15T16:57:49","modified_gmt":"2022-05-15T13:57:49","slug":"acts-of-god-and-human-responsibility","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wp.929.org.il\/en\/acts-of-god-and-human-responsibility\/","title":{"rendered":"Acts Of God And Human Responsibility"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"entry-content\"><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":50634,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[281],"tags":[467],"acf":{"old_id":"42337","type":"no","iframe":"","writer":41606,"related_cahpter":"72","type_929":"2","show_author_image":false,"old_url":"","post_main_content":{"description":"How to make amends for things beyond our control","content":"<p style=\"direction: ltr;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amid a series of laws addressing different kinds of bailments (i.e., arrangements wherein one person entrusts property temporarily with another) is a law about animal herding (Exodus 22:9-12). This law envisions various ways for herding arrangements to go awry (e.g., the animal might die or be stolen) and dictates how to determine liability in each case.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: ltr;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exodus 22:12 treats the scenario of predation: \u201cIf [the animal] is torn to death, he shall bring it as evidence; for the torn animal he shall not pay.\u201d In such cases, the shepherd may achieve exoneration by producing the mauled animal\u2019s remains as physical evidence of what transpired. This is a relatively easy path to exoneration, in contrast with other cases of bailment that carry much graver requirements. For example, in order to avoid liability for animal death, injury, or capture, the shepherd is required to swear an oath by the Lord (Exod 22:10).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: ltr;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Predation is one example of what modern law would consider an \u201cact of God.\u201d Such events, like a flood or volcano, are understood to lie beyond human control and therefore allow a party to fail to fulfill an obligation, without incurring liability. A law in the Code of Hammurabi (\u00a7266) which (similar to Exod 22:12) exonerates the shepherd in cases where \u201ca lion makes a kill\u201d also refers to the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lipit ilim<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a phrase commonly understood as a kind of affliction or epidemic but which literally means a \u2018work of a god\u2019, much like the English expression.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"direction: ltr;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although Exodus does not explicitly cast predation as an act of God, the relatively easy means of achieving exoneration, coupled with other biblical passages (e.g., Lev 26:22; Deut 32:24; Ezek 5:17; 14:15) that consider predation by a wild beast to be a divine punishment, suggest that this view underlies the law. Indeed, young David persuaded King Saul that he was qualified to be Israel\u2019s champion and face Goliath by citing his ability to fend off lions and bears that attacked his father\u2019s flock (1 Sam 17:34-36). Thanks to Exodus 22:12 and a corroborating law from another ancient Near Eastern code, we can understand that this was a feat exceeding what a typical human was expected to do.<\/span><\/p>\n","image":{"ID":56004,"id":56004,"title":"jud14-samson slaying the lion-rubens","filename":"jud14-samson-slaying-the-lion-rubens.jpg","filesize":0,"url":"https:\/\/wp.929.org.il\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/jud14-samson-slaying-the-lion-rubens.jpg","link":"https:\/\/wp.929.org.il\/en\/beguiling-riddles\/jud14-samson-slaying-the-lion-rubens\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"jud14-samson-slaying-the-lion-rubens","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":55990,"date":"2019-05-22 17:49:35","modified":"2022-05-15 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